LIVRO 1 Prefácio Em nome da santa Trindade. Embora estejamos afastados da alegria da felicidade bem-aventurada na cegueira deste exílio, como pena justíssima pelo pecado original, não estamos de tal modo cortados e separados dela que mesmo, no que é mutável e temporal, não saibamos buscar ou desejar a eternidade, a verdade, a felicidade. O que se percebe pelo fato de que não temos vontade nem de morrer, nem de nos enganar, nem de estar na miséria. Donde, por este instinto (...) natural, é comum aos homens querer ser felizes, · embora o desejo da felicidade se encontre de modo diverso no espírito de cada um. De fato, alguns julgam que ser feliz é apoderar- se do reino terreno; outros, ter riquezas em abundância; outros, ser elevado às honras; outros, porém, alegram-se por serem cobertos de louvores; outros, anseiam pelos prazeres carnais. Ora, a verdadeira felicidade não pode de modo nenhum ser encontrada na volubilidade desta vida. Acerca do que somos admoestados, pelo curso inteiro das Sagradas Escrituras, a que nos elevemos do que é terrestre para o celeste, onde está a verdadeira e eterna felicidade; a qual, é mais do que certo, que ninguém pode chegar, senão pela fé da paz católica, com a cooperação da caridade de Deus e do próximo. (shrink)

En esta nota, el autor recuerda cómo Santo Tomás de Aquino se ha ocupado del problema de los universales, señala los textos más importantes en que aborda tal cuestión y formula algunas observaciones en torno a ellos. Finalmente, traduce al portugués uno de estos textos.

Tomás de Aquino ou Roberto Grossetestenão podiam prever a importância que aciência matematizada da natureza assumiria apartir do século XVII. Eles, no entanto, nãocontestam a possibilidade de um conhecimentoda natureza baseado em seus aspectos quantitativose não na essência das substâncias naturais.Eles reservam um lugar para este tipo de ciênciae o justificam. Quanto a Tomás, é preciso aindalembrar que, embora para ele o objeto próprioproporcionado de nosso intelecto seja a essênciadas coisas materiais, não conhecemos as diferençasespecíficas nem das substâncias materiaisnem das (...) espirituais. Donde termos de nos contentarcom descrições no que se refere às substânciasmateriais e só podermos conhecer asespirituais por causalidade, ultrapassamento eremoção. (shrink)

O presente trabalho visa apresentar a noção de justiça geral de acordo com Tomás de Aquino, bem como a evolução desta noção desde o Comentários às sentenças até a Suma de Teologia.

Este pequeno texto tenta investigar as origens do conhecido exemplo “o riso é o próprio do homem”. Conclui-se que, se não a origem, a difusão do exemplo encontra-se na Isagoge de Porfírio.

O presente artigo visa apresentar o carácter negativo do conhecimento humano de Deus, de acordo com S. Tomás de Aquino. Tal dá-se por causa do objecto próprio do conhecimento intelectual humano (natureza existente na matéria) e por causa da transcendência de Deus, que está acima de tudo o que existe e que podemos apreender. Esta característica do conhecimento humano de Deus afecta mesmo a revelação divina e a sagrada doutrina. Com efeito, se a revelação alarga o alcance do conhecimento humano, (...) não lhe altera o modo de proceder. Por outro lado, a sagrada doutrina visa "salvar o mistério divino", sem pretender compreendê-lo: sicut ignoto conjungitur. /// The aim of this article is to present the negative character of the human knowledge of God according to St. Thomas Aquinas. This happens because of the object of the intellectual human knowledge (nature existing in matter) and because of the transcendence of God, who is above all that exists and that we can apprehend. This characteristic of God's human knowledge affects even divine revelation and sacred doctrine. Indeed, if revelation widens the scope of human knowledge, it does not change its way of proceeding. On the other hand, sacred doctrine aims "to save divine mystery", without intending to comprehend it: sicut ignoto conjungitur. (shrink)

We investigate dynamic operations acting over a knowing how logic. Our approach makes use of a recently introduced semantics for the knowing how operator, based on an indistinguishability relation between plans. This semantics is arguably closer to the standard presentation of knowing that modalities in classic epistemic logic. Here, we discuss how the semantics enables us to define dynamic modalities representing different ways in which an agent can learn how to achieve a goal. In this regard, we study two types (...) of updates: ontic updates (for which we provide axiomatizations over a particular class of models), and epistemic updates (for which we investigate some semantic properties). (shrink)

Bernardi Perini, G. Aceto italico e poesia luciliana: Hor. Sat. I 7.--Bernardinello, S. Bessarione riassume la Fisica di Aristotele.--Bottecchia, M. E. I Mechanicha di Aristotele nel Parisinus graecus 2507.--Bottin, L. La tradizione araba della Retorica di Aristotele e il problema dell'exemplar decurtatum.--Chiereghin, F. Analogie di struttura tra la metodologia della storiografia filosofica di Platone e di Kant.--Ciani, M. G. Poesia come enigma.--Degani, E. Hippon. fr. 40 Med.--Donaldi, F. Note preparatorie all'edizione dell'Encomio di Elena gorgiano nella traduzione latina inedita di Pietro (...) Bembo.--Fumarola, V. Euripide e la tetralogia della femminilità.--Gentilini, A. Una consolatoria inedita del Bessarione.--Ghinatti, F. I culti greci di Paestum.--Longo, O. Note all'Elena e alle Nuvole.--Lunelli, A. Solis rota.--Meschini, A. Su alcuni luoghi del Reso.--Mignucci, M. In margine al concetto aristotelico di esistenza.--Mioni, E. L'Antologia greca da Massimo Planude a Marco Musuro.--Pianezzola, E. Haurio=ferio, perfodio. Un calco omerico mediato dagli scolii.--Pontani, F. M. La distruzione di Melos di Ghiannis Ritsos.--Rinaldi Mioni, G. Aspetto verbale nel greco classico e strutturalismo.--Riondato, E. Problematicità semantica ed etica nell'Etica a Nicomaco.--Serra, G. Alcune osservazioni sulle traduzioni dall'arabo in ebraico e in latino del De generatione et corruptione di Aristotele e dello pseudo-aristotelico Liber de causis.--Traina, A. Convexo nutantem pondere mundum (Verg. Ecl. 4,50).--Valentini, R. La reintroduzione dell'onciale e la datazione dei manoscritti greci in minuscola. (shrink)

Este ensayo busca explorar la metáfora visual en una época que critica al ojo y demanda una nueva ontología de la mirada ante la creciente devaluación de la imagen. Lo paradójico de la ceguera del ojo y del pensamiento, en una época que se precia de ilustrada son aquí sondeados. Así mismo, se explora la mirada desencantada de la modernidad ante el rebajamiento de lo humano y la trivialización de la vida.

Multi-Task Learning tries to improve the learning process of different tasks by solving them simultaneously. A popular Multi-Task Learning formulation for SVM is to combine common and task-specific parts. Other approaches rely on using a Graph Laplacian regularizer. Here we propose a combination of these two approaches that can be applied to L1, L2 and LS-SVMs. We also propose an algorithm to iteratively learn the graph adjacency matrix used in the Laplacian regularization. We test our proposal with synthetic and real (...) problems, both in regression and classification settings. When the task structure is present, we show that our model is able to detect it, which leads to better results, and we also show it to be competitive even when this structure is not present. (shrink)

A detailed outline is presented of several convergent points of view connecting the self-dual and anti-self-dual fields with their free data. This is done for the Maxwell and for linearized gravity as exemplifying the approaches. The Sparling equation provides one tool of great power and characterizes one approach. The twistor theory of Penrose yields another equally powerful point of view. The links between these two basic approaches given in this paper provide a unification that allows workers and others with interest (...) in this area to proceed more readily toward the goal of understanding the full nonlinear Einstein equations. (shrink)

Philosophers have long debated whether, if determinism is true, we should hold people morally responsible for their actions since in a deterministic universe, people are arguably not the ultimate source of their actions nor could they have done otherwise if initial conditions and the laws of nature are held fixed. To reveal how non-philosophers ordinarily reason about the conditions for free will, we conducted a cross-cultural and cross-linguistic survey (N = 5,268) spanning twenty countries and sixteen languages. Overall, participants tended (...) to ascribe moral responsibility whether the perpetrator lacked sourcehood or alternate possibilities. However, for American, European, and Middle Eastern participants, being the ultimate source of one’s actions promoted perceptions of free will and control as well as ascriptions of blame and punishment. By contrast, being the source of one’s actions was not particularly salient to Asian participants. Finally, across cultures, participants exhibiting greater cognitive reflection were more likely to view free will as incompatible with causal determinism. We discuss these findings in light of documented cultural differences in the tendency toward dispositional versus situational attributions. (shrink)

A estrutura das antinomias lógicas, redescobertas e reformuladas por Frege e Russell no começo do século XX, consiste num movimento circular que é, ao mesmo tempo, autoflexivo e negativo. Surge, aí, um perpétuo oscilar entre o Sim e o Não, em certos casos, entre verdade e falsidade. Os Lógicos resolvem o problema pela distinção de tipos ou níveis linguagem. Alguns filósofos - Kulenkampff, Kesselring, Wandschneider – pensam ter aí encontrado o mecanismo central que move a Dialética. Procura-se aqui mostrar que (...) estão, pelo menos em grande parte, equivocados. Dialética é algo bem mais simples e mais amplo. (shrink)

We consider the problem of measurement using the Lindblad equation, which allows the introduction of time in the interaction between the measured system and the measurement apparatus. We use analytic results, valid for weak system-environment coupling, obtained for a two-level system in contact with a measurer (Markovian interaction) and a thermal bath (non-Markovian interaction), where the measured observable may or may not commute with the system-environment interaction. Analysing the behavior of the coherence, which tends to a value asymptotically close to (...) zero, we obtain an expression for the time of measurement which depends only on the system-measurer coupling, and which does not depend on whether the observable commutes with the system-bath interaction. The behavior of the coherences in the case of strong system-environment coupling, found numerically, indicates that an increase in this coupling decreases the measurement time, thus allowing our expression to be considered the upper limit for the duration of the process. (shrink)

Los temas que contiene van desde estudios sobre los contextos culturales español e hispanoamericano en los que le tocó vivir a nuestro filósofo, y trabajos sobre los principales temas filosóficos sobre los que centró su abundante producción escrita.

Our aim in this paper is to analyse the possibilities of a logical or epistemological equivalence between the projets of R. Dedekind and G. Frege for the foundations of arithmetic. It is well know that both of them have a “logicist” point of vew. But we think that even if some coincidences exist in the wa y they define the main concepts of arithmetic, some important differences remain.

This report analyses the aplicability of the principles of consciousness developed in the ASys project to three of the most relevant cognitive architectures. This is done in relation to their aplicability to build integrated control systems and studying their support for general mechanisms of real-time consciousness. To analyse these architectures the ASys Framework is employed. This is a conceptual framework based on an extension for cognitive autonomous systems of the General Systems Theory (GST). A general qualitative evaluation criteria for cognitive (...) architectures is established based upon: a) requirements for a cognitive architecture, b) the theoretical framework based on the GST and c) core design principles for integrated cognitive conscious control systems. (shrink)

Being all-good and gracious, God cannot be so envious as not to allow anything else besides him to exist. The necessitarian view thus limits God in His choice of creation and argues that God had to create in the first place out of His infinite ...

The existence of a Richter–Peleg multi-utility representation of a preorder by means of upper semicontinuous or continuous functions is discussed in connection with the existence of a Richter–Peleg utility representation. We give several applications that include the analysis of countable Richter–Peleg multi-utility representations.

In the 1970s, R.D. MacElroy coined the term ‘extremophile’ to describe microorganisms that thrive under extreme conditions (MacElroy 1974). This hybrid word transliterates to ‘love of extremes’ and has been studied as a straightforward concept for the past 40 years. In this paper, we discuss several ways the term has been understood in the scientific literature, each of which has different consequences for the distribution and importance of extremophiles. They are, briefly, Human-Centric, at the Edge of life’s habitation of Morphospace, (...) by appeal to Statistical Rarity, described by Objective Limits, and at the Limits of Impossibility for metabolic processes. Importantly, these concepts have co-existed, unacknowledged and conflated, for decades. Confusion and equivocation threaten to follow from the wildly varied inclusion or exclusion of organisms as extremophiles depending on the concept used. Under some conceptions, entire kinds of extremophiles become meaningless. Since our understanding of how life works is shaped by what we take to be its extremes, clarifying extremophily is key for many large-scale projects in biology, ecology, biotechnology and astrobiology. In what follows, we proceed as if a noncontroversial account of life is possible and that it is possible to find complex chemistry in the Universe that is similar enough to Life on Earth such that both may be considered instances of ‘life’ (but see Mariscal & Doolittle 2018). We raise, but do not address, the questions of whether the distribution of Life on Earth is representative of what we may find elsewhere in the Universe, whether the same kinds of extremophiles would exist given a replay of the tape of life. Additionally, each of these concepts assumes life based on some sort of biochemistry in this universe, effectively setting aside claims made by some artificial life proponents that their digital organisms are genuine examples of life (Langton 1989, Ray 1995). On the distinction between extremophilic and extremotolerant, we note that all accounts accept the latter as a broader category than the former, since ‘phily’ means love and tolerance is a prerequisite for love under any conception. Indeed, there will be many extremely impoverished environments where tolerance is the only option and thriving is precluded, e.g. Bacillus marismortui was extracted and grown from 250-million-year-old salt crystals in the Permian Salado Formation in an inactive yet persistent state (Vreeland et al., 2000). We also note that extremophily, as a functional category, is potentially applicable at many levels of the biological hierarchy. Extremophily at one level does not necessarily extend to higher and lower levels. For instance, a microorganism in isolation might be quite intolerant to certain environmental conditions yet flourish when subjected to the same conditions as a community or natural biofilm. Alternatively, a protein molecule might be quite stable or active under certain conditions even if the optimal environment for the organism containing it is far more mesophilic. There is an industry of artificially selecting organisms and proteins to adapt to extreme environments (see van den Burg & Eijsink 2002), providing some justification to consider ‘functioning at extremes’ as a worthwhile category of investigation. Finally, we also note certain physico-chemical ranges are rarely considered with respect to extremophily – timespan, size, nutrient availability (Hoehler & Jørgensen 2013), etc. – as well as some biological parameters – abundance, isolation, competition, etc. Perhaps scientific interest must also come into play as to the reason these criteria are not considered relevant. We return to this issue later. In the next section, we give five definitions of extremophily, show their benefits, drawbacks, and unintended yet unavoidable consequences. These arguments are summarized in Table 1 and represented visually in Figures 1 and 2. Given research on polyextremophiles, it seems Figure 2 is a more plausible representation of the state of current knowledge than Figure 1 (Harrison et al. 2013). Life is patchily distributed across various dimensions, which may reflect its contingent history, poor sampling, or (perhaps) fundamental limits. Figure 3 shows the conceptual flowchart for all of these views. In the following section, we take a step back to ask whether we should choose between these definitions and how such a judgment could be made. We argue for a limited pluralism, in which some, but not all, of the concepts are acceptable relative to certain practical and theoretical aims. (shrink)